Это старая версия документа!
Установка Docker+Compose на Debian
mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/docker.service.d touch /etc/systemd/system/docker.service.d/http-proxy.conf
[Service] Environment="HTTP_PROXY=http://X.X.X.X:80" Environment="HTTPS_PROXY=http://X.X.X.X:443"